Earth-Moving Heavy Equipment for Construction

Heavy equipment is essential for construction jobs of almost any size, from home building to large-scale commercial and civil projects. Earth-moving equipment covers a broad range of machines that can excavate and grade soil and rock, along with other jobs. Earth movers and other heavy equipment help to speed not only earth work but also materials handling, demolition, and construction. Many types of heavy construction equipment are designed for multiple functions, making them indispensable on job sites.

Excavators

Excavator
Gravskopa/Pixabay

Excavators are large construction equipment that can be driven by tracks or wheels, but tracks are more standard. A conventional excavator has a long bucket arm attached to a pivoting cab that can rotate a full 360 degrees. The operator sits in the cab and from there has good visibility of the site. Excavators are highly versatile and can be fitted with special attachments for specialty jobs. The most common uses for an excavator include:

Backhoe Loaders

Backhoe
Gravskopa/Pixabay

Backhoe loaders, often called backhoes, have a body that’s similar to a farm tractor and include an adjustable shovel in front and a small bucket in the back for digging. Backhoe loaders are considered medium-sized construction equipment for smaller jobs and are capable of working in limited space to perform various operations. They can move dirt, backfill excavations, dig holes and trenches, and place pipes and other materials. One of the best attributes of backhoe loaders is that they are wheel-driven and can be used in urban areas. They can even be driven to a job site. The bucket in the back can be changed to dig trenches of different widths.

Bulldozers

Bulldozer
Gravskopa/Pixabay

Bulldozers are considered one of the strongest and most reliable heavy equipment used in the construction industry. A bulldozer is a powerful and extremely heavy machine used ​to move dirt along large open tracts of land. Bulldozers have a wide, flat blade in front that can be operated using two hydraulic pistons to move the blade in a limited range of angles and depths. They are normally used to push piles of earth and for rough or fine grading, depending on the size of the bulldozer. A bulldozer’s considerable weight helps it crush large boulders, among other operations.

Skid-Steer Loaders

Auger drill attachment
Gravskopa/Pixabay

Skid-steer loaders are among the most versatile machines available in the construction industry. They are small and nimble and can turn within their own footprint, just like a tank, making them ideal for work in confined spaces or in areas where construction activity has been finalized. Skid-steer loaders are wheel-driven and offer good traction in snow and mud. The wheels also minimize soil compaction and damage to finished areas. These handy loaders come in a few different sizes and can be outfitted with a variety of attachments to perform digging, drilling, compacting, log grappling, snow blowing, jack-hammering, and other tasks. 

Motor Graders

Motor grader
Paula Bronstein/Getty Images

Motor graders are heavy equipment used for fine grading and for moving small amounts of dirt. They have a long blade that can be adjusted to meet certain angles to create a flat surface. They can also be fitted with a second blade in front of the front axle and in some instances can be used for underground mining. Motor graders are typically used to fine-grade dirt or gravel roads or to prepare the road base course before placing asphalt. Graders can also be used to create sloped surfaces or drainage ditches with shallow V-shaped cross-sections.

Crawler Loaders

Crawler loader
Alexprevot / Wikimedia Creative Commons

A crawler loader is a cross between an excavator and a backhoe or bucket loader. Its tracks give it excellent stability, and its versatile bucket makes it useful for moving soil and debris and for loading material onto trucks. Crawler loaders are also used for excavation on relatively small projects. For larger-scale work, a hydraulic excavator is often used instead of a crawler loader.

Trenchers

Trencher
Ditch Witch / Wikimedia Creative Commons

True to its name, a trencher is used to dig trenches, usually narrow trenches for piping and cabling. Trenchers come in many different types and sizes, from small walk-behind versions to very large trenching machines that can cut into asphalt pavement and other hard surfaces. The trencher has a conveyor system that carries the excavated material and deposits it onto the ground next to the trench. Trenchers can use different digging implements depending on the depth of the trench and material being excavated.

Scrapers

Scraper
David McNew/Getty Images

A scraper can move dirt and aggregates quickly around a construction site and is used primarily for digging and leveling large areas of land. Scrapers are large heavy equipment designed for open areas, where they can run at high speeds for cut and fill operations. Large self-propelled scrapers are called motor scrapers. There are also smaller scrapers, called pull scrapers, that are pulled behind another vehicle.

Common Dump Trucks

Dump Truck
Southern Stock / Getty Images

Dump trucks are needed on almost every large job site. They offer limited function but perform the all-important task of moving and dumping many types of heavy material. They are also road-ready so they can bring material into or out of site and can travel anywhere large equipment is permitted. Dump trucks come in many different sizes for different capacity and load needs, ranging from small utility-type trucks with dumping beds to enormous machines used in mining operations.

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